Worldwide, many tonnes of lead are deposited in wetlands due to the use of lead shot. Waterbirds are known to ingest the pellets, mistaking them for food items or grit, which is retained in their stomachs to aid in food digestion. Since lead is a poisonous metal, this feeding habit causes large-scale die-offs of waterbirds.

Alternatives
In a few countries, like Canada, the USA, Denmark and The Netherlands, lead shot is no longer allowed for waterbird hunting. Hunters in these countries have been using alternatives successfully for several years now. Still, alternatives suffer bad press, prejudice and misinformation concerning their safety, effectiveness and impact on guns. In reality they have much potential for many shooting situations, but they have to be used with extra care.
“Generally hunters know very little about alternative ammunition. That is why they are afraid to switch to non-toxic shot,” says Frédéric Pavat, product manager at Browning International. “Often the problem lies with the users,” he continues. “Many shooters and hunters don’t know their own guns very well. The fear for using steel is a result of that. With the exception of very old or already damaged guns, all guns are suitable for steel shot. Damage to guns can be prevented by a proper use of the gun and the ammunition.”

Hardness
Several high-quality non-toxic alternatives have been developed so far. Examples of alternatives are steel, bismuth, zinc, tin, molybdenum, tungsten and several alloys of these metals. Steel is the most widely used alternative because it is by far the cheapest material and most readily available. However, steel does have a few disadvantages.

Firstly, steel is a lot harder than lead. Its relative hardness, which is expressed on a scale of 0 to 10 (diamond) is 4, while that of lead is only 1.5 to 2. The rest of the non-toxic alternatives are approximately equally soft as lead. The hardness of steel increases the chance of ricochet, or rebound, off hard surfaces. If general hunting guidelines are followed, ricochet of steel shot is normally an issue in wetlands. Only in frozen wetlands and in woodlands it has to be taken into account. Generally it is recommenced to wear safety glasses in these areas, and to avoid shooting towards the ground or in dense forest. When shooting in a group of hunters, an angle of 45 degrees relative to the neighbouring hunter should be always be observed. In woodland areas used for timber production, the use of soft alternatives (e.g. bismuth) is sometimes required to avoid damage to timber machinery.

Then what about the issue of steel shot damaging guns? All steel shot is contained in plastic wads to protect barrel walls from scratching or wear. "There is no longer any issue concerning bore erosion as long as any pellet type harder than lead is contained in a properly designed shotcup system," explains Tom Roster of CONSEP, the internationally active Cooperative North American Shotgunning Education Program. "As far as slight bulging 'damage' to chokes or choke tubes is concerned," Roster says, "only steel shot, cheap steel, tungsten-iron shot, and Hevi-Shot are issues. Even here the so-called damage is either cosmetic or avoidable by proper use of the gun." The risk of this barrel expansion, or ring bulge, is larger with increased tightness of the choke, increased shot size, use of very old or light-barreled guns, and use of High Performance Shot (which increases shot velocity).

The hardness of steel actually forms an advantage in some respects. The pellets suffer only little deformation upon firing, which allows for a nice uniform shot column. Lead pellets, on the contrary, are always slightly flattened when fired, which causes scattering and consequently a less clean hit. Also, flattened pellets pull feathers into the wound, which decreases penetration.

Pressures
The CIP (International Proof Commission) is the independent authority which establishes rules for the gun and ammunition manufacturers. According to the CIP, Standard Steel cartridges can be fired through any gun proofed to the standard or magnum level for lead. High Performance steel can only be fired through guns that have passed the so called Steel Shot Proof, and that consequenlty have a “Steel Shot” stamp. Frédéric Pavat of Browning International: “The CIP decided that the boxes of shotshells should show three kinds of special warnings, along the lines of: ‘Avoid shooting on hard surfaces, water, roads, frozen water etc..’, ‘Do not use shot n°4 over 1/2 choke’, and ‘Only use steel shot in proofed guns’ - normally guns are proofed at 1300 bar.” Precise brand specific information can be obtained from the manufacturer. Often, manufacturers include a chart in the owner manual of the gun, giving information about the recommended combination of choke and shot type. “In summary,” Pavat adds, “all guns that are less than 15 years old can shoot steel shot if the user respects the safety warnings that are written on the cartridge boxes. All guns with removable chokes can shoot steel shot, for example. However, very few hunters know about this.”

Efficiency
The French National Office for Hunting and Wildlife (ONCFS) conducted a large-scale research into many aspecs of the use of non-toxic shot. More than thirty types of commonly used guns were tested during five successive hunting seasons, and almost all of those fired between 200 and 1000 cartridges of steel shot. The objective was not only to find out the impact on guns, but also to estimate the effectiveness in real hunting situations. The results were very uniform. After five hunting seasons, none of the guns had suffered any significant erosion or deformation. Also, the results in the field did not indicate any difference between alternative shot and lead shot. The hunters used the same number of cartridges per bagged bird with both types of ammunition. Also, under controlled conditions, the degree of penetration and the pellet pattern showed no significant difference between lead and alternative ammunition at a shooting distance of thirty meters.

The same experience is reported by Niels Kanstrup, director of the Danish Hunters’ Association. “Neither the number of hunters nor the annual bag changed significantly since the introduction of a ban on the use of lead shot,” he explains. “The first main worry – the risk of guns exploding or being damaged by steel shot – showed to be unnecessary. Also, the lethality of alternative shot was investigated in several scientific and more popular programmes, the result showing that lethality is connected to hunters’ behaviour - shooting distances - more than to the performance of the cartridge.” Kanstrup even noticed that the switch caused an increase in the total efficiency of the shot, as shortening of distances will increase the hitting probability markedly. “From the moment hunters got acquainted with steel shot,” he says, “the process got the right momentum. Therefore my advice to hunters would be: try the alternatives yourself!”

What's next?
In summary, many of the prevailing opinions about non-toxic shot are unjust. If instructions are observed, its use is both safe and effective. However, a few problems persist. Firstly, it will always remain true that alternatives have different characteristics compared to lead. They will never perform in exactly the same way. Their use requires adjustment, both in hunting practice and in technique. Hunters will need to spend time practicing at shooting ranges. They might have to have their guns proofed, and they will need to adapt to new safety regulations. However, the experiences in the countries where lead shot has been phased out, have shown that with time, uneasyness can well be overcome.

Then there is the cost and availability factor. Alternative shot is on average more expensive than lead shot. In countries that have already made the full switch, however, prices have shown to drop to comparable levels. Legislation influences the demand, and with increasing demand prices will drop. Still, higher quality cartridges, such as tungsten polymer shot, will most likely remain more expensive.
Developments are well on the way. In some countries legislative measures are being taken, for example under international agreements such as the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement (AEWA). At the same time, conservation organisations, hunting organisations and ammunition manufacturers are working on coordination and education networks. New types of alternative shot are being developed, and training facilities are being improved. Last October, a workshop was held in Romania to introduce the issue in all its aspects to Eastern European hunters. This workshop, which was organised by AEWA and the Federation on Hunting Associations of the European Union (FACE), comprised both the theoretical aspects and a practical shooting session, and was very positively received by the participants.

The factor which might well be the most important one, is the mentality of the hunters. If they realise that non-toxic shot is a must in order to protect the waterbird resource for the future, half the battle is already won. Adjustment to new types of ammunition will only be a matter of time, and the hunting satisfaction, safety and efficiency won’t have to suffer. Niels Kanstrup: “In Denmark, the total ban on the use of lead shot has been implemented in several steps, giving room for development and giving the hunters a chance to adapt to the new situation. Hunters have been very open and willing to take up the challenge, mostly with the overall motive of manifesting a good image of hunters being a responsible partner in modern nature management. Looking back, the process has absolutely been a case of ‘win-win’.”

Download article:

Steel shot - some technical and safety aspects

Nienke Beintema
Consultant
UNEP/AEWA Secretariat
Hermann-Ehlers- Str. 10
53113 Bonn, Germany
Tel.: (+49) 0228 -815 2414
Fax: (+49) 0228 -815 2450
E-mail: aewa@unep.de
Internet: www.unep-aewa.org