General information on lead poisoning:

• Site of the Canadian Wildlife Service
• Excellent overview on the BASC website
• Very complete French site
• Good overview of the issue and its implications

Organisations:

• Wetlands International
• FACE
• IUCN
• Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust

• Browning
• Remington
• General site with useful tips

ASJV (Swiss Hunting Association) 1993. information pamphlet “Alternative Shot for Waterfowl Hunting”. Unofficial English translation by John Jenkinson.

Beck, N. and Granval P. 1997. Ingestion de plombs de chasse par la Bécassine des marais (Gallinago gallinago) et la Bécassine sourde (Lymnocryptes minimus) dans le nord-ouest de la France.  Gibier Faune sauvage, Game Wild 14 (1): 65-70.

Beintema, N.H. 2001. Lead Poisoning in Waterbirds. International Update Report 2000. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Available free for download or for purchase in hard copy.

Bellrose, F.C. 1959. Lead Poisoning as a mortality factor in waterfowl populations. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 27(3): 235-288.

Birkhead, M. 1982. Causes of mortality in the Mute Swan Cygnus olor in the river Thames. Journ. Zool. (Lond.) 198: 15-25.

Brister, B. 1992. Steel shot: ballistics and gunbarrel effects. Pages 26– 28 in Pain, D.J. (ed.) 1992. Lead poisoning in waterfowl. Proceedings of an IWRB Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, 13-15 June 1991. IWRB Special Publication 16, Slimbridge, UK.

Coburn, C. 1992. Lead poisoning in waterfowl: the Winchester perspective. Pages 46– 50 in Pain, D.J. (ed.) 1992. Lead poisoning in waterfowl. Proceedings of an IWRB Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, 13-15 June 1991. IWRB Special Publication 16, Slimbridge, UK.

CONSEP (Cooperative Non-toxic Shot Education Program) 1992. information leaflet “Proven Steel Shot Loads for Waterfowl”.

Demayo, A., Taylor, M.C., Taylor, K.W., Hodson P.V. 1982. Toxic effects of lead and lead compounds on human health, aquatic life, wildlife, plants, and livestock. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 12(4):257– 305.

Dieter, M.P. and Finley, M.T. 1978. Delta­aminolevulinic acid dehydratase enzyme activity in blood, brain, and liver of lead­dosed ducks. Environ. Res. 19:127– 135.

Duranel A., 1999. Effets de l'ingestion de plombs de chasse sur le comportement alimentaire et la condition corporelle du Canard colvert (Anas platyrhynchos). Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes. Thèse pour le diplôme d'Etat de Docteur Vétérinaire.

Eisler, R. 1988. Lead hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.14).

Ensor, K.L., Helwig, D.D. and Wemmer, L.C. 1992. Mercury and lead in Minnesota Common Loons (Gavia immer). Water Quality Division, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, MN, USA.

Grinell, G.B. 1894. Lead Poisoning. Forest and Stream 42(6): 119-118.

Hillman, F.E. 1967. A rare case of chronic lead poisoning: polyneuropathy traced to lead shot in the appendix. Ind. Med. Surg. 36(7):488– 492.

Honda, K., Lee, D.P. and Tasukawa, R. 1990. Lead poisoning in swans in Japan. Environ. Pollut. 65(3):209– 218.

Jorgensen, S.S. and Willems, M. 1987. The transformation of lead pellets in shooting range soils. Ambio 16: 11-15.

Kennedy, J.A. and  Nadeau, S. 1993. Lead shot contamination of waterfowl and their habitats in Canada. Can. Wildl. Serv. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 164, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Canada.

Kenntner, N., Tataruch, F. and Krone, O. 2001. Heavy metals in soft tissue of white-tailed eagles found dead or moribund in Germany and Austria from 1993 to 2000. Environ. Toxicol. and Chem. 20 (8): 1831-1837.

Kingsford, R.T., Flanjak, J. and Black, S. 1989. Lead shot on Lake Cowal. Aust. Wildl. Res. 16:167– 172.

Kuivenhoven, P., Vessem, J. van and Maanen, E. van, 1997. Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl. International Update Report 1997. Wetlands International Africa, Europe, Middle East. Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Lumeij, J.T. and Scholten, H. 1989. A comparison of two methods to establish the prevalence of lead shot ingestion in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from the Netherlands. J. Wildl. Dis. 25(2):297– 299.

Mateo, R., Belliure, J., Dolz, J.C., Aguilar-Serrano, J.M. and Guitart, R. 1998. High prevalences of lead poisoning in wintering waterfowl in Spain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35 (2) 342-347.

Mézières, M. 1999. Effets de l'ingestion de plombs de chasse sur la reproduction du Canard colvert (Anas platyrhynchos). Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes. Thèse pour le diplôme d'Etat de Docteur Vétérinaire.

Mondain-Monval, J-Y. 1999. Programme d’éducation à la chasse à tir, l’ápproche nord-américaine. Bulletin mensuel de l’Office National de la Chasse No. 246:26-35.

Mondain-Monval, J-Y., Reudet, D. and Roca, L. 1999. Munitions non toxiques: Quelles alternatives aujourd’hui? Bulletin mensuel de l’Office National de la Chasse No. 240:28-35.

Morehouse, K.A. 1992. Crippling loss and shot type: the United States Experience. Pages 32-37 in Pain, D.J. (ed.) 1992. Lead poisoning in waterfowl. Proceedings of an IWRB Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, 13-15 June 1991. IWRB Special Publication 16, Slimbridge, UK.

Mudge, G.P. 1983. The incidence and significance of ingested lead pellet poisoning in British wildfowl. Biol. Conserv. 27:333– 372.

Mudge, G.P. 1992. Options for alleviating lead poisoning: a review and assessment of alternatives to the use of non­toxic shot. Pages 23– 25 in Pain, D.J. (ed.) 1992. Lead poisoning in waterfowl. Proceedings of an IWRB Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, 13-15 June 1991. IWRB Special Publication 16, Slimbridge, UK.

NARGC (National Association for Regional Game Councils) 2000. Brochure “Lead Shot – Viable Alternatives?”

Nieman, D.J., Hochbaum, G.S., Caswell, F.D. and Turner, B.C. 1987. Monitoring hunter performance in prairie Canada. Trans. N. Am. Nat. Wildl. Resour. Conf. 52:233– 245.

Ochiai, K., Hoshiko, K., Jin, K., Tsuuzuki, T., and Itakura, C. 1993. A survey of lead poisoning in wild waterfowl in Japan. J. Wildl. Dis. 29(2):349– 352.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) 1993. Risk Reduction Monograph on Lead: Background and National Experience on Reducing Risk. Environment Monograph Series 65. Paris, France.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) 1999: Lead Risk Management Activities in OECD member countries (1983 to 1998). Paris, France.

Pain, D.J. 1990. Lead shot ingestion by waterbirds in the Camargue, France: an investigation of levels and interspecific differences. Environ. Pollut. 66:273– 285.

Pain, D.J. (ed.) 1992. Lead poisoning in waterfowl. Proceedings of an IWRB Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, 13-15 June 1991. IWRB Special Publication 16, Slimbridge, UK.

Pain, D.J. and Amiard­Triquet, C. 1993. Lead poisoning of raptors in France and elsewhere. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 25:183– 192.

Pain, D.J., Amiard­Triquet, C., Bavoux, C., Burneleau, G., Eon, L. and Nicolau­Guillaumet, P. 1993. Lead poisoning in wild populations of marsh harriers (Circus aeruginosus) in the Camargue and Charente­Maritime, France. Ibis 135:379– 386.

Pain, D.J., Sears, J., Newton, I. 1994. Lead concentrations in birds of prey in Britain. Environ. Pollut. 87:173– 180.

Pokras, M.A. and Chafel, R. 1992. Lead toxicosis from ingested fishing sinkers in adult common loons (Gavia immer) in New England. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 23(1):92– 97.

Reddy, E.R. 1985. Retained lead shot in the appendix. J. Can. Assoc. Radiol. 36:47– 48.

Roster, T. 1978. Steel shot: recent developments and gaining an understanding. California– Nevada Wildlife Conference Proceedings, 221-238, Lake Tahoe, USA.

Sanderson, G.C. and Bellrose, F.C. 1986. A review of the problem of lead poisoning in waterfowl. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Spec. Publ. 4.

Scheuhammer, A.M. 1987. The chronic toxicity of aluminium, cadmium, mercury, and lead in birds: a review. Environ. Pollut. 46:263– 295.

Scheuhammer, A.M. and Norris, S.L. 1995. A review of the environmental impacts of lead shotshell ammunition and lead fishing weights in Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper No. 88. Ottawa, Canada. Available free for download.

Stutzenbaker, C.D., Brown, K. and Lobpries, D. 1986. Special report: an assessment of the accuracy of documenting waterfowl die­offs in a Texas coastal marsh. Pages 88– 95 in J.S. Feierabend and A. Russell (eds.), Lead poisoning in waterfowl, a workshop. 3– 4 March 1984, Wichita, Kans. National Wildlife Federation. Washington, D.C., United States.

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) 1994. Lead fishing sinkers; response to citizens' petition and proposed ban; proposed rule. Fed. Regis. Part III, Vol 40, Part 745):11121– 11143.

USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service) 1976. Final Environmental Statement: proposed use of steel shot for hunting waterfowl in the United States. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., United States.

USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service) 1986. Use of lead shot for hunting migratory birds in the United States. Final supplemental environmental impact statement. Washington D.C., United States.

USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service) 1999. Federal Register /Vol. 64, No. 70: Establishing ‘ Lead Free Fishing Areas’ and the Prohibition of the Use of Certain Fishing Sinkers and Jigs Made With Lead on Specific Units of the National Wildlife Refuge System.

VHJ (Vlaamse Hoge Jachtraad, Flemisch Hunting Council) 2000. Advies van de Raad omtrent de loodhagelproblematiek in Vlaanderen. Adv. 2000/4b, Brussels, Belgium.

Wayland, M. and Bollinger, T. 1999. Lead exposure and poisoning in bald eagles and golden eagles in the Canadian prairie provinces. Environmental-Pollution. 1999; 104 (3) 341-350.

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